培训首页  >  培训新闻  >  雅思新闻  >  英语写作锦囊之平行结构 杭州英语写作培训

英语写作锦囊之平行结构 杭州英语写作培训

来源:

杭州新航道

    发表于:2017-09-12 16:47:08  
相关标签: 雅思培训   杭州雅思培训

  英语写作锦囊之平行结构 杭州英语写作培训
  写作一直是英语学习的痛点和难点。在托福、雅思考试中,不少阅读接近的考生都被自己作文分数拖了后腿。其实,一旦词汇量过关,想要在作文中实现逆袭并非难事,只需掌握一定技巧,勤加练习即可。本文所要介绍的,就是可以提升作文档次的大杀器——平行结构。
  1.何为平行结构?
  平行结构(parallelism)是英语常见的修辞手法之一,其本质是将逻辑上属于同一语法成分的词用相同结构的逻辑来表达。
  举个例子:
  To be, or not to be: that is a question —— Shakespeare
  To be 和 not to be都是动词不定式(结构相同),都做主语(语法成分相同)。
  试想一下,如果这句话改成:To be, or not living: that is the question… 还能千古流芳吗?
  再举个例子:
  Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. —— Francis Bacon
  读书足以冶情,足以博 彩,足以长才。
  For delight, for ornament, and for ability结构相同,都做宾语。其中文翻译也是漂亮的平行结构,朗朗上口。
  如若把句子改成: Studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability. 韵律感就减弱不少。
  童鞋们是否感受到了平行结构的魅力呢?使用平行结构不仅使语言句式整齐,节奏分明,同时也能清晰表达思想,增强语势,抒发感情,体现了英语的均衡美。
  2.
  平行结构有哪些类型?
  1. 单词平行
  Computers were very large, expensive and mainly used in offices and factories.
  从前的电脑又大又贵,并且主要在工厂和办公室使用。(large, expensive和used构成be动词后的平行结构)
  2. 短语平行
  Men, particularly, spend hours of their leisure time installing their own fireplaces, laying out their gardens; building garages andmaking furniture.
  特别是男人,常利用空闲时间安装壁炉、布置花园、建造车库、制作家具。(分词短语平行)
  3. 句子平行
  The history of educational theory is marked by opposition between the idea that education is development from within and that it is formation from without.
  两种观念的对立贯穿了教育理论的历史:教育是自内发展及教育是自外的塑造。(两个that引导的同位语从句平行,from within和from without平行)
  And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
  美国约翰·F·肯尼迪的就职演说是英语演说的传世佳作,而其之笔无疑是耳熟能详的“不要问能为你们做些什么,问问你们能为做些什么”,其之所以在后世的名人演讲中被广泛引用,部分归功于平行结构的魅力。
  3.
  哪些情况必须使用平行结构?
  平行结构向来是各种留学考试中语法题的重要考点,SAT,GMAT以及00年代的老托福都十分钟爱。为什么呢?因为容易出错!下文罗列了必须使用平行结构的信号词。作文中,该使用平行结构时,不平行,就别怪评卷老师不给啦。
  1. 使用并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)
  如and, or, ect.
  例:
  Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and curing people suffering from the disease. ×
  Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. ○
  第 一句乍看之下没有问题,但其实存在逻辑漏洞,会使人误以为curing是和spent形成并列,第二句则通过effort to do sth.的名词短语了歧义。
  并列错误引起歧义是很多考生易犯,却时常忽视的错误,作文想拿,必须认真对待细节。
  2. 使用关联连词(Correlative Conjunctions)
  如both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor, not only… but also…,
  例:
  The conference was both helpful and contained a lot of information. ×
  The conference was bothhelpful and informative. ○
  虽然第 一句单词量多,满足了写作凑字数强烈愿望,但第二句才是更简洁凝练的句子,informative意为“信息丰富的“,本身涵盖了”contain a lot of information“之意。
  例:
  The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet but also to do the task. ×
  The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet but also to do the task. ○
  not only…but also前后成分应该是平行结构,而第 一句not only后成分是谓语动词wants, 而but also 后则是动词不定式,显然结构不平行。而根据句意,构成平行的应该是     keep quiet和do the task这两个动作。
  3. 前后形成对比(Elements Linked In Comparison)
  如like, unlike, as much as, the same as, different from, more/less…than…
  例:
  The total expense (of camping) can be far less than the hotels. ×
  The total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels. ○
  than左右两边相比较的内容应是平行结构。本句中,相比较的应该是露营支出与宾馆开销之间比较比较,而并非是支出与宾馆比较。第 一句犯了比较不清的错误。
  例:The success of the government’s anti-inflation efforts will depend as much on strong political will as on wise economic policy. (政府反通货膨胀努力的成功即有赖于明智的经济政策,也有赖于政治上的坚决意志。)
  第二句中的as后的on不可遗漏。

文中图片素材来源网络,如有侵权请联系删除
分享到:

英语写作锦囊之平行结构 杭州英语写作培训 原创内容,请点击杭州雅思培训

热门课程

  • 新航道雅思保7分冲刺培训班

    询价

  • 雅思起步冲6.5分班

    询价

  • AP化学

    询价

  • AP文学与写作

    询价

  • AP美国历史

    询价